FULL TRANSCRIPT: WHO Press Briefing COVID-19 – March 23 2020

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Margaret:
Good morning, good evening, good afternoon, everybody, and thank you for joining this press briefing. We’ve got a very special guest we’re highly honored to have with us. Dr. Tedros will tell you more.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
Yeah. Thank you. Thank you very much, Margaret. And good morning, good afternoon, and good evening wherever you are. Less than six months ago, WHO and FIFA signed an agreement to work together to promote health through football. We didn’t know then what we know now, that a new virus would emerge that would bring many parts of society to a standstill including the beautiful, beautiful game itself.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
Many football matches have stopped, but our collaboration has become even more important during these difficult times. In fact, it’s given us the opportunity of working together more closely than we imagined with FIFA. Football can reach millions of people, especially younger people, that public health officials cannot.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
Today it’s my great pleasure to welcome my dear brother, Gianni Infantino, president of FIFA, to talk about our joint campaign to pass the message to kick out coronavirus. I will repeat that. This is a campaign we’re starting jointly called “Pass the message to kick out coronavirus”. Pass the message to kick out coronavirus.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
I would also like to take this opportunity to thank FIFA for its generous contribution of $US10 million to the COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund. Thank you, my brother, for your generous contribution. To date, the fund has raised more than $US70 million in just 10 days, from more than 187,000 individuals and organizations to help health workers on the front line to do their lifesaving work, treat patients, and advance research and treatment and vaccines.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
I would also like to thank TikTok for its contribution of additional $US10 million and for its valuable support in helping to reach its large, young audience with reliable health information. Speaking of which, our new WhatsApp health alert has now attracted 10 million users since we launched it last Friday, this is just in four days, delivering reliable health information directly to their mobile phones. Details on how to sign up are on the front page of our website.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
The Arabic, French, and Spanish versions will be launched this week and this is the best way to be connected directly with people. So thank you, Gianni, for your support and the support of the whole footballing community.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
And I would like to give you the floor to say a few words, but I would like to also recognize that it’s your birthday today so I would like to say happy birthday, my dear brother, and thank you so much for joining us today. Happy birthday, Gianni, again. Thank you.

Gianni Infantino:
Well, thank you very much to my dear brother Tedros, Dr. Tedros. Thank you. My heartfelt thanks for the opportunity to be here at the WHO today. First and foremost, I would like to express our deepest condolences, of course, to all the families of those who have lost their lives across the world as victims of the coronavirus.

Gianni Infantino:
I would also like to thank everyone, especially those involved in the medical profession, who continue to put the lives of others in front of their own in fighting this disease. We are all in their debt and their example should encourage us to follow the advice that we are given.

Gianni Infantino:
So now regarding the campaign. Dear Tedros, dear friends, football means so much to billions of people around the world. So it is clear to me that we have to show leadership and solidarity in these difficult days. When you announced, dear Tedros, on a Thursday afternoon at five o’clock that this was a pandemic, on the Friday at nine o’clock, I was in your office asking you, “How can football help? What can we do?” So we have to get the message across the world and football wants to help. This campaign actually came to us. We didn’t need to go looking for it.

Gianni Infantino:
There are no actors in this campaign, just the players themselves, and they all want to highlight the advice that is provided to all of us, to all of them, by the WHO. For that, I would like to thank all these football players, all the legends who are part of this campaign for making it possible. And actually, the FIFA teams, dear Tedros, includes, of course, the greatest footballers in the world, but also our 211 member countries in the six continental confederations.

Gianni Infantino:
Together we are going to roll out this campaign in the next days in videos and graphics and in many languages so we can really pass the message to kick out coronavirus. Well, I think that this virus has shown to all of us two things. One is how vulnerable we are, and the other, how global the world has became. Exceptional situations require exceptional measures and global problems require global solutions.

Gianni Infantino:
We have to make sure that we recover from this by bringing the entire world together as one and reminding everyone that we are all one kind, the humankind. We have to prove that we are capable of extraordinary global acts of solidarity all together, because health comes first. Everything else comes after.

Gianni Infantino:
So now we have to be strong, we have to follow the guidance of the WHO, of our governments and after we’ll have to rebuild our relations, maybe and hopefully, with more solidarity and understanding for each other. Football is ready to play its part on that and we are here for that. And I am sure of one thing that, like in football, by acting together with determination, discipline, and teamwork, we will win. Thank you.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
Thank you. Thank you. Grazie mille, fratello. Grazie mille, Gianni.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
And now I would like to call Alisson Becker, our ambassador, WHO ambassador, who is online, you know, the best goalkeeper and he plays for Liverpool and he’s from Brazil. Obrigado, Alisson, for joining us and the floor is yours. Please.

Alisson Becker:
Hi, Dr. Tedros. Hi, everybody. Good morning, good evening, good afternoon. Mr. Gianni, first of all, happy birthday for you. I would like to say that this is a great opportunity for me to be together with you being part of this movement that is starting now, that is starting today, “Pass the message to kick out the coronavirus”. We football players, we used to act together, we used to work together, to train together.

Alisson Becker:
I know now in this tough moment, tough times, everybody have change the life for something, for staying home, cannot going out, cannot go into the work. In my case, I’m not able to be together with my colleagues, with my teammates, to do what I love, what is my passion. I was made for playing football and now, because of these tough times, we are not able to do that, to bring happiness for the people through football.

Alisson Becker:
But we also understand that it’s necessary to stay home, it’s necessary to think on the next, to be solidarity. I think in this moment, I believe in this moment, we have to put our solidarity out. It’s the moment that we have to put our passion out and think on the next. And I am glad to participate of this movement because the people need the right information. It’s necessary in these moments that we have the right information and also that we follow the right information.

Alisson Becker:
So I would like to say for the people, follow the information from the local authorities. Try to follow the information from WHO. We can trust on them. We can trust that is the right thing to do. And we understand also that health comes first in this moment. It’s time, like in football, to have a teamwork, everybody doing they own job that includes to be safe, to be at home, to follow the advices, for example, washing hands properly, from keeping distance from the people.

Alisson Becker:
But we can’t forget that we need now to work as a team. So I would like to show my support for the “Pass the message to kick out coronavirus” and say to you, thank you for let me participate of this movement. Now that is tough times and we also need to trust in ourselves, trusting the human capacity to go through adversities. It’s not the first time in our lives that we need to overcome from something bad. But now we need the participation from everybody. So I’d like again to say thank you. Thank you, Dr. Tedros, and thank you, Gianni.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
Portugese, muito obrigado, meu irmão. I hope that’s the right one. Obrigado, my brother.

Alisson Becker:
That is right.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
Thank you, Alisson. Thank you for being our ambassador.

Alisson Becker:
Obrigado.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
Please pass my greetings to your wife also. You both as a pair are helping us as ambassadors so thank you so much. Good to hear from you today and look forward also to hear from Natalia some other time. So thank you so much again. Thank you, Gianni, my dear brother. Grazie mille. [Italian]. Thank you.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
I would now like to continue with the rest of my remarks on the COVID-19 pandemic. More than 300,000 cases of COVID-19 have now been reported to WHO from almost every country in the world. That’s heartbreaking.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
The pandemic is accelerating. It took 67 days from the first reported case to reach the first 100,000 cases, 11 days for the second 100,000 cases and just four days for the third 100,000 cases. You can see how the virus is accelerating, but we’re not prisoners to statistics. We are not helpless bystanders. We can change the trajectory of this pandemic. Numbers matter because they’re not just numbers, they are people whose lives and families have been turned upside down.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
But what matters most is what we do. You can’t win a football game only by defending, you have to attack as well. And my brother Gianni can tell you more. Asking people to stay at home and other physical distancing measures are an important way of slowing down the spread of the virus and buying time, but they are defensive measures that will not help us to win. To win, we need to attack the virus with aggressive and targeted tactics, testing every suspected case, isolating and caring for every confirmed case, and tracing and quarantining every close contact.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
We recognize that some countries are struggling with the capacity to carry out these offensive measures. Several countries have shown that mobilizing resources internally from less affected regions is one way to increase capacity and help the overwhelmed health system in some regions. We are also grateful that several countries have sent emergency medical teams to care for patients and train health workers in other countries that need support.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
This is an incredible example of international solidarity, but it’s not an accident. WHO has been working with countries for years to build a network of emergency medical teams for exactly this eventuality to provide surge capacity of high-quality health professionals who can be deployed to care for patients and save lives. And I would like to use this opportunity to thank all countries who have contributed their emergency medical teams to support other countries.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
Health workers can only do their jobs effectively when they can do their jobs safely. We continue to hear alarming reports from around the world of large numbers of infections among health workers. Even if we do everything else right, if we don’t prioritize protecting health workers many people will die because the health worker who could have saved their lives is sick.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
As you know, WHO has been working hard with many partners to rationalize and prioritize the use of personal protective equipment. Addressing the global shortage of these lifesaving tools means addressing every part of the supply chain from raw materials to finished products. Measures put in place to slow the spread of the virus may have unintended consequences of exacerbating shortages of essential protective gear and the materials needed to make them. Solving this problem requires political commitment and political coordination at the global level.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
This week I will be addressing heads of state and government from the G20 countries. Among other issues, I will be asking them to work together to increase production, avoid export bans, and ensure equity of distribution on the basis of need.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
We need unity in the G20 countries who have more than 80% of the global GDP. Political commitment at the G20 level means a very strong solidarity that can help us to move forward and fight this pandemic in the strongest terms possible.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
So while asking the specific issues, the three issues I said, the most important ask to G20 leaders is solidarity, to be one and to act as one because they have the biggest stake in the world in all respects.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
We also recognize that there is a desperate need for effective therapeutics. There is currently no treatment that has been proven to be effective against COVID-19. It’s great to see the level of energy now being directed to research and development against COVID-19.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
Small observational and non-randomized studies will not give us the answers we need. Using untested medicines without the right evidence could raise false hope and even do more harm than good and cause a shortage of essential medicines that are needed to treat other diseases. That’s why WHO has launched the solidarity, trying to generate robust, high quality evidence as fast as possible.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
I’m glad that many countries have joined the SOLIDARITY trial that will help us to move with speed and volume. The more countries that sign up the SOLIDARITY trial and other large studies, the faster we will get results on which drugs work and the more lives we will be able to save. Through SOLIDARITY trial, we will move faster and we will do bigger and, of course, with good quality. Faster, bigger, and good quality.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
So I would like to end by reminding everyone that although COVID-19 is dominating the world’s attention, there is another respiratory disease that’s both preventable and treatable, but which kills 1.5 million people every year. And that is the old timer tuberculosis.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
As you know, tomorrow is World TB Day, an opportunity to remind world leaders of the commitments they have made to end the suffering and death caused by this ancient and terrible disease. The world is rightly responding to COVID-19 with urgency and purpose. We call on the global community to harness that same urgency and purpose for the fight against tuberculosis and for a healthier, safer, fairer world for everyone.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
The rule of the game to kick COVID-19 out, as we have agreed with my brother Gianni, is to kick it out. And that game is solidarity. So myself and my brother Gianni ask for solidarity to kick out this virus. I thank you. Grazie mille, again, my brother, for joining today.

Margaret:
Thank you, Dr. Tedros. And as Dr. Tedros said, solidarity and leadership in all spheres is critical for ending this outbreak. And that is exactly what the football legends involved in this are doing, leading the way. We have a video now which will show you exactly what that means.

Male voice:
For the first time ever, we, the entire world, are all playing on the same team. Our opponent is a disease. We need determination, discipline, and teamwork to beat the coronavirus. The world of football is united and together we will win.

Gary Lineker:
There are five key steps to tackling the coronavirus. Hands, elbow, face, distance, and feel.

Alisson Becker:
It starts with your hands. Please wash your hands frequently with soap and water or an alcohol-based solution.

Carli Lloyd:
With your elbows bent, please cover your nose and mouth if you sneeze or cough. If using tissues, dispose of them immediately.

Lionel Messi:
For your face, avoid touching your eyes, your nose, and your mouth.

Han Duan:
In terms of social interaction, take a step back. Stay one meter distance minimum from everyone that coughs or sneezes.

Samuel Eto’o:
If you feel unwell, stay at home. Please follow all instructions from your local health authority.

Gianni Infantino:
So if I may, I would just like to express really a word of thanks to my dear brother, Tedros. Thank you very much. Thanks to Alisson as well for the birthday wishes. At least on the day of my 50th birthday I do something useful, I hope. But let me just say that we are really delighted to have Alisson as a WHO ambassador and being part of the team. His approach is being echoed, as you have seen, by players from all over the world. They might be rivals on the pitch, but their message to tackle coronavirus is united. They are, we are all part of the same team.

Gianni Infantino:
So I would like as well to thank all the players from all over the world, all the legends who are part of this campaign, who are part of this FIFA WHO team. And this is only the beginning of the campaign and the beginning of our fight together but we will continue, we will continue in solidarity and all together and, as you said, together we will win. Thank you very much.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
Thank you. Thank you, my brother.

Margaret:
So now we move on to the second half. I don’t have a whistle, but now I can open the meeting, the briefing for questions. We do have a referee here which is a good thing. So if you wish to stay, you’re welcome. Otherwise, you’re welcome also to retire. We now open it for questions from the media who are all online. First question we have is from Pamela, Uganda Radio Network. Pamela, Uganda Radio Network, you have the floor. Can you hear me? Looks like we’ve got a problem with our line.

Margaret:
I will remind everybody while the technicalities are being fixed, I remind everybody that if you wish to ask a question, use the raise your hand icon on your screen. If you’re called in, use the hashtag nine. One question per journalist. Please don’t ask five questions. There are many, many, many of you and you’re all waiting. It looks like Pamela has left the call so the next question is from Agnes of Associated AFP. Agnes, are you there?

Agnes:
Yes. Hello. Do you hear me? Yes.

Margaret:
Very well. Please go ahead.

Agnes:
Hi, everybody. I have a question concerning Italy. The question is about the situation there. And I wanted to know if Dr. Tedros is recommending that supermarkets should be closed in order that people shouldn’t go anymore in the streets and that it should be the government who would be in charge to organize the distribution of food to the people in the house, giving the tragic situation the country is living. Thank you.

Dr Michael Ryan:
Good afternoon. From WHO’s perspective this is clearly a decision for national and local public health authorities. They have to obviously make decisions based on what they see on the ground. I mean, in most situations, people have been able to visit local supermarkets with proper spacing and distancing. Many have used limited access and only allowing a certain number of people to visit at one time.

Dr Michael Ryan:
So the arrangements are really dependent on the local transmission situation and are really up to local authorities to decide how best to manage the physical distancing issue. If supermarkets are closed, then obviously there’s a major logistics issue on how to actually get food to people.

Dr Michael Ryan:
So each government must make that decision on their abilities to replace that service, should that service need to be curtailed. So we would very much leave that to Italian authorities to make that decision.

Margaret:
Thank you, Dr. Ryan. I should’ve said we have our top team here, as usual. Dr. Ryan and Dr. Van Kerkhove, as well as our Director-General, Dr. Tedros. The next question comes from Michael from CNN. Michael, are you there?

Michael Bociurkiw:
I’m here. Can you hear me?

Margaret:
Go ahead, please.

Michael Bociurkiw:
Thank you for taking my call. Michael Bociurkiw, I’m a contributor to CNN Opinion. I’m dialing in from British Columbia in Canada, where we’ve now reached 424 cases, somewhere between the numbers in Hong Kong and Singapore. My question is about sports, since that’s the theme of the day. Dr. Tedros and colleagues, as you know, the Canadian Olympic Committee has said that it will not be sending its athletes to Tokyo for the health and welfare of their members. And also, I think we’re getting the same messages from Australia and elsewhere.

Michael Bociurkiw:
My question is, a lot of national Olympic committees are looking to WHO for guidance on this ahead of the IOC making a decision. I know it’s a very sensitive topic. I know there are business and other considerations, but I really think a lot of athletes who cannot go to training facilities, who are caring for loved ones, even perhaps suffering from COVID-19, are looking for some kind of guidance from you as time is really ticking on. Thank you, sir.

Dr Michael Ryan:
Thank you for the question. The future of the games is clearly under very, very close observation at the moment, and you’ll have heard premier in Japan himself has spoken to this and has expressed the doubts about the games as well. We are feeding into the IOC and the Japanese government and the Tokyo 2020 committee’s deliberations on this and I believe a decision will be made very soon regarding the future of the Games.

Dr Michael Ryan:
The decision to postpone the Games would be purely a decision of the Japanese government and the IOC but we are obviously in the process of offering them risk advice. And as we’ve said previously, we have every confidence that the Japanese government and the IOC will not proceed with any Games should there be dangers to athletes or spectators.

Margaret:
Thank you, Dr. Ryan. I’ll now go to Bayram from the Anadolu Agency in Turkey. Bayram, are you on the line?

Bayram:
Good afternoon, good evening, everybody. Mr. Tedros, as you know, there is a great panic in many countries in Europe as COVID-19 pandemic is spreading rapidly. People don’t know what to do and panic is at the high level. Do you have a strategy and plan to prevent psychological and traumatic situations that the COVID-19 may create or can cause in humans? Thank you.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
Thank you for that question. It’s a very important one in terms of the way people are feeling as numbers increase and as, in some countries, the situation gets worse before it will get better. What is very important for everyone across the world is to know what they can do to protect themselves and what they can do to protect their families.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
And we need everyone to be well-informed. And it’s important that everyone knows where to get good, reliable information, whether that’s through WHO, to know how to protect yourself and your family, or whether that’s through your national governments. Not only to know how to protect yourself, but know what is the plan? What are the plans of the government that are being enforced and to know what your role is in playing that?

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
It’s important that that fear that people have, which is normal, be used in a productive way, turning that fear, turning that energy into ways in which you can keep yourself busy if you have to stay home because of national measures. Just because we have mentioned physical distancing, it doesn’t mean that you have to be socially disconnected with your loved ones. So find ways in which you can communicate with your loved ones and your families to keep that connection while you’re still being physically apart.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
Practical things we’ve been mentioning are washing your hands, making sure that you do good hand hygiene. And if you don’t have access to soap and water to use an alcohol-based rub. Make sure that you use your respiratory etiquette – you just heard the five from the video just now – making sure that you don’t touch your face. These are things that everybody can do. Making sure that you keep your distance from individuals, especially if you’re outside of your home, making sure you’re keeping your distance from people. And if you’re feeling well, stay home.

Margaret:
Thank you very much, Dr. Van Kerkhove. The next question is for Nobu from Jiji Press. Nobu, are you on the line?

Nobu:
Yeah. Thank you. Do you hear me? Hello?

Margaret:
Very well. Please go ahead.

Nobu:
Okay. Thank you very much. My name’s Nobu from Jiji Press, Japanese news agency. My question is about Japan. If you look at the official statistic of Japan, it’s obvious that reported cases in Japan is much less than other big population countries. But there are some critics saying that the scope of tests carried out there is not enough. So the reality of the infection is not reflected in the official statistic.

Nobu:
But on the other hand, the hospitals or clinics in Japan are not overloaded so there are not so many patients with suspicious symptoms. So I’m a bit confused if Japan is doing well in containing the virus or what we are seeing is just tip of iceberg of the much bigger infection. So what’s your view on this topic? Thank you very much.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
So I can start with that. I just touched my face. I shouldn’t touch my face. What we know works in countries is countries aggressive actions in terms of finding cases, testing those cases, isolating those cases, treating them, and making sure that there is comprehensive contact tracing. And we have seen that in Japan and we’ve seen that in a number of countries. We know that when contacts are identified, if they are quarantined and then followed so that they are tested if they develop symptoms, we know that that is a very effective way in which we can prevent onward transmission.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
We know that mobilizing your population and getting your population to be involved in this response, performing all of these actions of personal measures and hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette, staying home when necessary, we know that that works, but testing is a key part of the strategy globally. And you’ve heard the director general emphasize and you’ve heard Mike and I emphasize the need to do testing and to do this strategically, making sure you’re focusing on your suspect cases and that you’re testing your contacts who develop symptoms.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
These are fundamental actions that need to be part of a comprehensive approach all countries need to take to tackle this virus. And we have seen in several countries the effectiveness of these measures in terms of a reduction in cases.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
We’ve also seen in a number of countries they’re looking for additional cases through existing respiratory disease systems, for example, looking at their ILI or their influenza-like illness surveillance systems that have been established for influenza. Several countries are looking at those individuals who have respiratory disease, who show up through those surveillance systems to test for COVID-19 to see if the virus is circulating.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
And we’re gaining good insight from those countries to find out how many of those are positive and it seems to be low in several countries that are doing this. So it’s a comprehensive approach that we need all countries to take, outlining through testing, case identification, contact tracing, making sure these public health measures, these physical distancing measures, strong government leadership, an all-of-government approach have been successful in reducing transmission in several countries.

Margaret:
Pamela managed to send us her question by text. This is Pamela from Uganda. She’s got an excellent question. She wants to know, with the increase in cases on the African continent, would you say that Africa is prepared to fight this disease, especially in terms of equipment? What do you think needs to be done to get Africa to the position that they need to be in to have a fair chance to fight the disease? Is this one for you, Dr. Tedros?

Dr Michael Ryan:
I think we’ve seen the evidence in this pandemic thus far that no one has been quite ready to deal with this disease and countries in Africa are in no different a situation and some in a more precarious situation.

Dr Michael Ryan:
Having said that, countries in Africa have a long history and a very recent history of dealing with large-scale epidemics. We’ve seen many countries in Africa deal with large-scale cholera outbreaks over the last couple of years, deal with Lassa fever, deal with measles, deal with meningitis, deal with multiple outbreaks of Ebola. And in my more than 25 years responding to outbreaks, I have found African countries, and particularly communities in Africa, to be exceptionally resilient, hugely creative, and capable of mounting responses right from the community level up.

Dr Michael Ryan:
Clearly, we need strong governance. We need strong integrated government leadership. The UN system is fully activated to support countries in Africa. In preparation, we have established laboratory diagnostic capacities in every country. We have sent personal protective equipment to nearly every country in Africa. Our country officers are deployed in all countries in Africa and have been there for years and are working very hard with government authorities on integrated national action plans for response. And again, all countries in Africa have those plans now in place. The challenge is implementing those plans at all levels from the community right the way through to the head of government.

Dr Michael Ryan:
We’re seeing strong leadership from heads of government in Africa but the challenges are great. There are many large countries in Africa with high populations. Africa has become an urban continent over the last 20 years. More than 50 percent of people in Africa live in cities and increasingly in high density peri-urban settings. So the challenges are great.

Dr Michael Ryan:
We have seen what can happen when infectious diseases can spread very, very quickly in those situations. So there’s a huge need to protect populations from infection. There are highly vulnerable populations in many countries. There are large numbers of refugees which are very kindly hosted by many countries. In fact, Africa has the highest burden of refugees in the world and African countries host more refugees than any other continent.

Dr Michael Ryan:
There are large numbers of vulnerable patients who have HIV or are living with HIV and many other challenges. But Africa is strong and with good leadership, with rapid implementation, we can save lives too. And I have every faith that African leaders are doing everything possible to prepare their countries for this disease and reacting. And the United Nations system and the World Health Organization are there with them to stand and fight.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
Yeah. Thank you. Thank you. Mike had already said most of it, just would like to add a few words. With many of countries in Africa there is alignment between WHO and African countries. One, we’re very encouraged to see that many countries are following the all-of-government and all-of-society approach.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
And with strong political commitment at the highest level and mobilizing all sectors, because this is not about one sector or it’s not about the health sector, it’s about all sectors and the whole government should act in unison. And that’s one.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
And then on the technical side, we’re also very encouraged that many countries in Africa are testing, although they have meager resources. From testing, they’re moving into identifying contacts of confirmed cases and at the same time isolating. And this what we have been proposing and advising many countries and I hope this will help many countries from Africa to cut the problem from the bud.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
So that’s what we would like to encourage them to continue to do, political commitment at the highest level and having a political commitment that mobilize all sectors and at the same time, from testing to contact tracing and isolating, continue to do what they’re doing. And that will really help to suppress and ultimately control the pandemic in the continent.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus:
Of course, the number of cases in the African continent is still small, but that doesn’t mean that it will continue same way. It may change, but the approach you’re using can help in suppressing and controlling it. And what we are saying from WHO’s side is to continue to do the same, but more aggressively and more aggressively expecting that the problem could get larger. Thank you.

Margaret:
Thank you, Dr. Tedros. We’re running out of time, so I’d really ask all the questioners to try to keep your questions short, to give other people a chance. Now the next journalist on the line is Pranay from ABP News in India. Pranay, are you on the line?

Pranay Upadhyay:
Yeah, I am online. And my question is to the panel that, you know, India is seeing the surge of the cases right now. You pointed out about the aggressive testing and the aggressive strategy in this match against coronavirus. How do you suggest and what is the WHO’s observation about the situation in India? And there is a shortage of kits. So how WHO is going to help the second most populous country on earth?

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
So this is a question that we receive from a number of countries that are really facing some increasing case numbers and the questions are around how do we best use the resources that we have? So we’ve been very clear in our messaging that, you know, to fight this, we really need to find all of the cases. We need to know where the virus is so that we can tailor our approach to the areas that need it most. And to do so, we need to find the cases. So we need to be testing the suspect cases and testing those contacts who develop symptoms.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
When the outbreaks become large and resources become limited, we have recently put out some guidance around how to make some choices about where testing can be used, first and foremost, to really understand where that outbreak is, to find patients who are most severe so that they can have treatment.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
This binder here is our binder of guidance that we have put out, that we have developed. Our first package of guidance came out on the 10th of January and since then, we have been working across the globe with all of our member states, our regional offices, people working in labs, clinicians, IPC specialists, modelers to try to tailor our guidance to best support countries according to the four Cs, according to if they have no cases, if they have sporadic cases, if they have clustering of cases, and if they’re facing community transmission and what we’re trying to do through our guidance.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
And we need you to look at the guidance in full. Our press conferences are ways in which we can highlight some of these key aspects to our guidance, but the real detail is what’s online. We know not everybody is going to read that, but those that do need to read that, who are taking decisions in countries, please look at that in full because we have detailed information there that can provide and help you make decisions to make a tailored approach, all with the goal of suppressing transmission and ending these outbreaks.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
But there are some decisions that may need to be made in certain countries where resources are scarce. At the same time, we are working very hard with manufacturers who are developing test kits and the supplies, the supporting supplies, to be able to use those test kits. We are working with countries to increase the number of labs that can actually run these tests. So there’s a multi-prong approach in terms of how we can support countries through our regional offices and our country offices to build and increase that testing capacity.

Dr Michael Ryan:
If I could just possibly add specifically on India. Obviously, India, like China, is a hugely populous country and the future of this pandemic, to a greater extent, will be determined of what happens in very large, highly-populated, densely-populated countries. So it’s really, really important that India continues to take aggressive action at the public health level and at the level of society to contain, control, suppress this disease and to save lives.

Dr Michael Ryan:
India led the world in eradicating two silent killers or eliminating them in the country, smallpox, one of the greatest successes of mankind. A virus that killed more people on this planet than all the wars put together. India, through targeted public health intervention, ended that disease and gave a great gift to the world.

Dr Michael Ryan:
India also eliminated polio, another silent killer, and did a tremendous job on surveillance and finding cases and vaccinating and doing all the things that need to be done. So India has tremendous capacities. All countries have tremendous capacities when communities are mobilized, when civil society is mobilized, when, as the director general says, heads of state and governments drive an all-of-society approach.

Dr Michael Ryan:
There are no silver bullets here. There are no easy answers. If there were, we wouldn’t be having to work so hard. We’ve got measures we can take now while we wait for other solutions. And we must take them now. So it’s exceptionally important that countries like India lead the way and show the world what can be done and do as they have done before, show that aggressive, sustained public health action from community right the way through to head of state can have a profound effect on the trajectory and the outcome of this pandemic.

Margaret:
Thank you, Dr. Ryan. The next person on the line is Peng Wei from the People’s Daily. Peng Wei, are you on the line?

Peng Wei:
Yeah. Thank you. Can you hear me?

Margaret:
Very well. Please go ahead.

Peng Wei:
Thank you. This is Peng Wei Jong with People Daily of China. Some American officials, including Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, criticized the China for its handling of COVID-19 in the early stage and they continue to call COVID-19 virus as Wuhan virus or Chinese virus. So what’s the WHO’s comment on the position on that? Thank you very much.

Dr Michael Ryan:
I think we’ve spoken on this issue at a number of press conferences, and I think WHO’s position on this has been clear in the past and is clear now. And I think at this point it’s not a core issue and it’s an issue that’s, quite frankly, is a distraction right now. So I think we need to focus on what we need to do now.

Dr Michael Ryan:
There is no blame in this. There is only a future. And we choose the future. And we have capacities to fight this virus. It is affecting, as the director general said, almost every country on the planet, every population. And it’s not just communities. Everyone can look around at sons, daughters, mothers, and fathers and see who’s at risk. We need to fight this thing together. And I will reserve any comments for later regarding blame.

Margaret:
Thank you, Dr. Ryan. And now we have Gabriela from Mexico on the line, Gabriela, can you hear me?

Gabriela Sotomayor:
Yes. Yes. Thank you for taking my question. Gabriela Sotomayor, Mexico Proceso. Dr. Tedros or someone on the panel, if they can answer, how far behind is testing versus the real spreading of the virus? I mean, is it 10 times, 100 times? What is your estimate? Are we only looking at the tip of the iceberg?

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
So thank you, Gabriela, for the question around testing and highlighting the importance of testing. So with any new virus, I think what is the most tremendous story here, and I don’t think any of us have ever, ever seen the speed at which testing has been developed for a novel pathogen. So as you know, this virus, this new virus was identified within days. The sequence was shared a few days later and because of that, testing began really across the globe.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
And with the sharing of the sequences on public platforms, labs all over the world were able to develop assays. And in doing so, the amount of production for testing grew exponentially across the globe. Of course, we always need more testing. Of course, we always need more labs. But that’s the case for every pathogen, especially an emerging pathogen. What we are seeing now are countries finding ways in which they’re trying to improve the production, the availability, the access, the sharing of these assays so that more testing can be done.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
And what we need are all countries to be focusing on testing as part of a comprehensive strategy. And we’ve mentioned what that strategy entails. That strategy includes public health measures, it includes physical distancing, it includes a strong government approach, it includes mobilizing the population, it includes every single individual knowing what they have to do to fight this pandemic. And we’ve outlined what that is before, and testing is a critical part of that.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
But every day we are looking for ways in which production can be increased and which more labs can be available to do those testings and that testing can be done faster so that we know where this virus is and that we can fight it without being blindfolded.

Dr Michael Ryan:
And again, just to again qualify that the virus was isolated on January the 7th and the whole genome sequence was shared with WHO and the world on January the 12th. It’s just 10 weeks ago since we had a genetic sequence for this virus. The fact that so many tests are out there, the fact that there are so many testing platforms available now is a remarkable success for science, for collaboration, and for public/private partnership. So, yes, of course, it is very difficult to go to absolute scale on testing while at the same time maintaining quality, and maintaining the validity of these tests has been extremely important.

Dr Michael Ryan:
So the question you specifically asked, there’s no question in some countries that all cases have not been detected and that’s been the case in most countries. But what we’ve seen is a huge catch up in testing in most countries and we want to see more. We do say, and the DG has said before, test, test, test. But again, we’re not talking here about testing everybody in the community.

Dr Michael Ryan:
We need to focus on two priorities, making sure that suspect cases are tested – that is absolutely the central priority – and obviously, that people presenting in hospitals with clinical symptoms, with pneumonia, who are entering the system are also tested as a priority. They would also be suspect cases.

Dr Michael Ryan:
We would also like to see contacts of cases who are unwell or are showing symptoms that they also be tested. The measures we have in place now, or many countries have in place, of movement restrictions and people staying at home and physical distancing, all of these measures are helping to, in some senses, dampen down, push down the intensity of the epidemic.

Dr Michael Ryan:
But if we have to work our way out of this situation as we gain some success with those strategies, we have to be able then to identify who is infected and be very, very quick and agile at identifying who’s infected at community level and ensuring that they are isolated.

Dr Michael Ryan:
So testing is important now, but testing will become even more important in the coming weeks, not less important. So we all have to work hard. We’re working very, very hard with both public and private sector partners as are all governments to scale up and make testing more available and to push testing right down through the system. But that has to be done with an eye on quality and ensuring that those tests are the best and highest quality.

Margaret:
Thank you, Dr. Ryan. We’re really running out of time, so only two more questions. We will take one from Kai Kupferschmidt. Kai, are you there?

Kai Kupferschmidt:
Yes. Thank you very much for taking my question. I wanted to ask about the strategy that we’re seeing in some countries. I mean, the UK has talked about it, the Netherlands are suggesting it and they’re basically trying to find a balance between shutting everything down to suppress the virus and letting it spread at a very low level in order to have some semblance of normality. You’ve talked very little about the end game because you’re concentrating on what’s happening now. But I’d really love you to address a little bit how you see the future, you know, for all of these countries that are in a shutdown now. How do you see this proceeding?

Dr Michael Ryan:
Thanks, Kai. You are correct, this is a very, very important issue because as so many countries around the world have gone into this mode of people staying at home, of movement restriction, countries are obviously and justifiably concerned of the social, psychological, and economic impacts of those moves. Countries are doing their best to suppress infection and take pressure out of the epidemic and, more importantly, off the health system.

Dr Michael Ryan:
But we do know that that is very difficult to sustain and therefore, how are we going to turn that around? And the DG said it – how do we move from what is a defensive mode into an offensive mode? How do we move from trying to avoid the virus to actually going after the virus? We’ve seen this in Ebola, we’ve seen this in polio. There is a moment at which you have to step forward and go after the virus.

Dr Michael Ryan:
In order to do that, and we’ve seen examples in places like Singapore and Korea, where governments haven’t had to shut everything down, they’ve been able to make tactical decisions regarding schools, tactical decisions regarding movements, and been able to move forward without some of the draconian measures. But they’ve only been able to do that because they have had another weapon. And the other weapon they’ve had is highly aggressive case finding, contact tracing, community surveillance, isolation of cases, quarantining of contacts, testing of contacts if they get sick. They’ve put together a comprehensive public health toolkit, which they’re able to match with their more society-wide measures like movement restrictions.

Dr Michael Ryan:
And we’re working extremely hard, our Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Infectious Hazards is working with us right now looking at those strategies to move forward from where we are now. And governments need to use this, to use the DG’ words, second window of opportunity. All that we get from movement restrictions and people staying at home and all of these measures, we buy some time, we take the heat out of the epidemic or the pandemic. We buy some time. But we’d then need to find strategies and tactics to get us to move forward.

Dr Michael Ryan:
And we have to make those decisions, each government will have to make those decisions. We’re working hard to provide advice to governments on how to do that. But very, very clearly in order to move forward is scale up, and I mean a massive scale up, in public health capacities to do case finding, isolation, quarantine of contacts, and being able to go after the virus rather than the virus coming after us is one of the key ways we can move forward and we’ll be coming back to governments and in public around our advice on this to governments. There is a very, very precious window now in which we can prepare to do that.

Margaret:
Thank you very much, Dr. Ryan. And our last but certainly not least, we have Helen Branswell.

Helen Branswell:
Oh, thank you very much for taking my question. This is probably for Maria. People are reporting a loss of the sense of smell. I don’t know how frequently that’s been seen. Can you give us any indication of whether that is actually a reliable marker of infection?

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
Yes. So, yes, we’ve seen quite a few reports now about people in the early stages of disease may lose the sense of smell, may lose the sense of taste, but this is something that we need to look into to really capture if this is one of the early signs and symptoms of COVID-19.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
We have a number of countries that are conducting early investigations where they are capturing standardized information from cases and contacts where they’re looking at signs and symptoms is one of the features that they’re looking at, these early investigations, and we’ve published protocols on our website of how to conduct these and we have over a dozen countries conducting these.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
It’s called the first few X, the first few hundred cases where there’s a systematic data collection using molecular testing, using serologic testing. As you know, these serologic assays are being developed where we systematically collect information on signs, symptoms, on clinical features, where we can capture this more robustly. But we are reaching out to a number of countries and looking at the cases that have already been reported to see if this is a common feature.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
We don’t have the answer to that yet, although there’s quite a bit of interest in this online. There are likely to be many signs and symptoms that people have. We have a good handle on what the major ones are, and those are fever, this is dry cough, this is shortness of breath. And of course, other features would be aches and pains, some people have headache, very few, between three and five percent, will have gastrointestinal symptoms, and very, very few will have a runny nose or sneezing.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove:
And so a loss of smell or loss of taste is something that we’re looking into and we’re looking forward to the results of these early investigations that are being conducted by a number of countries so that we have a more evidence-based approach and we can add that to the list. Thanks.

Margaret:
Thank you so much, Dr. Van Kerkhove. We’ve, unfortunately, run out of time, but to all the people who didn’t get their questions answered, please come to our website www.who.int or write to mediainquiries.who.int. We are working 24/7 and we will answer your queries. And the next press conference, press briefing is scheduled for Wednesday. And we’ve also taken note of those who did not get their questions answered. We will try to put you on top of the queue next time. Thank you so much for attending this press briefing. And be well all of you.

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